core2/

error.rs

//! Traits for working with Errors.

// A note about crates and the facade:
//
// Originally, the `Error` trait was defined in libcore, and the impls
// were scattered about. However, coherence objected to this
// arrangement, because to create the blanket impls for `Box` required
// knowing that `&str: !Error`, and we have no means to deal with that
// sort of conflict just now. Therefore, for the time being, we have
// moved the `Error` trait into libstd. As we evolve a sol'n to the
// coherence challenge (e.g., specialization, neg impls, etc) we can
// reconsider what crate these items belong in.

#[allow(deprecated)]
use core::alloc::LayoutErr;

use core::any::TypeId;
use core::fmt::{Debug, Display};

#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
use alloc::{string::String, borrow::Cow, boxed::Box};

/// `Error` is a trait representing the basic expectations for error values,
/// i.e., values of type `E` in [`Result<T, E>`]. Errors must describe
/// themselves through the [`Display`] and [`Debug`] traits, and may provide
/// cause chain information:
///
/// [`Error::source()`] is generally used when errors cross
/// "abstraction boundaries". If one module must report an error that is caused
/// by an error from a lower-level module, it can allow accessing that error
/// via [`Error::source()`]. This makes it possible for the high-level
/// module to provide its own errors while also revealing some of the
/// implementation for debugging via `source` chains.
///
/// [`Result<T, E>`]: Result
pub trait Error: Debug + Display {
    /// The lower-level source of this error, if any.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::error::Error;
    /// use std::fmt;
    ///
    /// #[derive(Debug)]
    /// struct SuperError {
    ///     side: SuperErrorSideKick,
    /// }
    ///
    /// impl fmt::Display for SuperError {
    ///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
    ///         write!(f, "SuperError is here!")
    ///     }
    /// }
    ///
    /// impl Error for SuperError {
    ///     fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
    ///         Some(&self.side)
    ///     }
    /// }
    ///
    /// #[derive(Debug)]
    /// struct SuperErrorSideKick;
    ///
    /// impl fmt::Display for SuperErrorSideKick {
    ///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
    ///         write!(f, "SuperErrorSideKick is here!")
    ///     }
    /// }
    ///
    /// impl Error for SuperErrorSideKick {}
    ///
    /// fn get_super_error() -> Result<(), SuperError> {
    ///     Err(SuperError { side: SuperErrorSideKick })
    /// }
    ///
    /// fn main() {
    ///     match get_super_error() {
    ///         Err(e) => {
    ///             println!("Error: {}", e);
    ///             println!("Caused by: {}", e.source().unwrap());
    ///         }
    ///         _ => println!("No error"),
    ///     }
    /// }
    /// ```
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
        None
    }

    /// Gets the `TypeId` of `self`.
    #[doc(hidden)]
    fn type_id(&self, _: private::Internal) -> TypeId
    where
        Self: 'static,
    {
        TypeId::of::<Self>()
    }
}

mod private {
    // This is a hack to prevent `type_id` from being overridden by `Error`
    // implementations, since that can enable unsound downcasting.
    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub struct Internal;
}

#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
impl<'a, E: Error + 'a> From<E> for Box<dyn Error + 'a> {
    /// Converts a type of [`Error`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::error::Error;
    /// use std::fmt;
    /// use std::mem;
    ///
    /// #[derive(Debug)]
    /// struct AnError;
    ///
    /// impl fmt::Display for AnError {
    ///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
    ///         write!(f , "An error")
    ///     }
    /// }
    ///
    /// impl Error for AnError {}
    ///
    /// let an_error = AnError;
    /// assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(an_error);
    /// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
    /// ```
    fn from(err: E) -> Box<dyn Error + 'a> {
        Box::new(err)
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
impl<'a, E: Error + Send + Sync + 'a> From<E> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
    /// Converts a type of [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`] into a box of
    /// dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::error::Error;
    /// use std::fmt;
    /// use std::mem;
    ///
    /// #[derive(Debug)]
    /// struct AnError;
    ///
    /// impl fmt::Display for AnError {
    ///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
    ///         write!(f , "An error")
    ///     }
    /// }
    ///
    /// impl Error for AnError {}
    ///
    /// unsafe impl Send for AnError {}
    ///
    /// unsafe impl Sync for AnError {}
    ///
    /// let an_error = AnError;
    /// assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(an_error);
    /// assert!(
    ///     mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
    /// ```
    fn from(err: E) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
        Box::new(err)
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
impl From<String> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync> {
    /// Converts a [`String`] into a box of dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::error::Error;
    /// use std::mem;
    ///
    /// let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_string_error);
    /// assert!(
    ///     mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    fn from(err: String) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync> {
        struct StringError(String);

        impl Error for StringError {}

        impl Display for StringError {
            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
                Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
            }
        }

        // Purposefully skip printing "StringError(..)"
        impl Debug for StringError {
            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
                Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)
            }
        }

        Box::new(StringError(err))
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
impl From<String> for Box<dyn Error> {
    /// Converts a [`String`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::error::Error;
    /// use std::mem;
    ///
    /// let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_string_error);
    /// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
    /// ```
    fn from(str_err: String) -> Box<dyn Error> {
        let err1: Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync> = From::from(str_err);
        let err2: Box<dyn Error> = err1;
        err2
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
impl<'a> From<&str> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
    /// Converts a [`str`] into a box of dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
    ///
    /// [`str`]: prim@str
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::error::Error;
    /// use std::mem;
    ///
    /// let a_str_error = "a str error";
    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_str_error);
    /// assert!(
    ///     mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
        From::from(String::from(err))
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
impl From<&str> for Box<dyn Error> {
    /// Converts a [`str`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
    ///
    /// [`str`]: prim@str
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::error::Error;
    /// use std::mem;
    ///
    /// let a_str_error = "a str error";
    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_str_error);
    /// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
    /// ```
    fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error> {
        From::from(String::from(err))
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
impl<'a, 'b> From<Cow<'b, str>> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
    /// Converts a [`Cow`] into a box of dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::error::Error;
    /// use std::mem;
    /// use std::borrow::Cow;
    ///
    /// let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_cow_str_error);
    /// assert!(
    ///     mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
    /// ```
    fn from(err: Cow<'b, str>) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
        From::from(String::from(err))
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
impl<'a> From<Cow<'a, str>> for Box<dyn Error> {
    /// Converts a [`Cow`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::error::Error;
    /// use std::mem;
    /// use std::borrow::Cow;
    ///
    /// let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_cow_str_error);
    /// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
    /// ```
    fn from(err: Cow<'a, str>) -> Box<dyn Error> {
        From::from(String::from(err))
    }
}

// #[unstable(feature = "never_type", issue = "35121")]
#[cfg(feature = "nightly")]
impl Error for ! {}

#[allow(deprecated)]
impl Error for LayoutErr {}

impl Error for core::str::ParseBoolError {}

impl Error for core::str::Utf8Error {}

impl Error for core::num::ParseIntError {}

impl Error for core::num::TryFromIntError {}

impl Error for core::array::TryFromSliceError {}

impl Error for core::num::ParseFloatError {}

#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
impl Error for alloc::string::FromUtf8Error {}

#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
impl Error for alloc::string::FromUtf16Error {}


#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
impl<T: Error> Error for Box<T> {
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
        Error::source(&**self)
    }
}

// Copied from `any.rs`.
impl dyn Error + 'static {
    /// Returns `true` if the boxed type is the same as `T`
    #[inline]
    pub fn is<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> bool {
        // Get `TypeId` of the type this function is instantiated with.
        let t = TypeId::of::<T>();

        // Get `TypeId` of the type in the trait object.
        let boxed = self.type_id(private::Internal);

        // Compare both `TypeId`s on equality.
        t == boxed
    }

    /// Returns some reference to the boxed value if it is of type `T`, or
    /// `None` if it isn't.
    #[inline]
    pub fn downcast_ref<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
        if self.is::<T>() {
            unsafe { Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const T)) }
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    /// Returns some mutable reference to the boxed value if it is of type `T`, or
    /// `None` if it isn't.
    #[inline]
    pub fn downcast_mut<T: Error + 'static>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
        if self.is::<T>() {
            unsafe { Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut T)) }
        } else {
            None
        }
    }
}

impl dyn Error + 'static + Send {
    /// Forwards to the method defined on the type `dyn Error`.
    #[inline]
    pub fn is<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> bool {
        <dyn Error + 'static>::is::<T>(self)
    }

    /// Forwards to the method defined on the type `dyn Error`.
    #[inline]
    pub fn downcast_ref<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
        <dyn Error + 'static>::downcast_ref::<T>(self)
    }

    /// Forwards to the method defined on the type `dyn Error`.
    #[inline]
    pub fn downcast_mut<T: Error + 'static>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
        <dyn Error + 'static>::downcast_mut::<T>(self)
    }
}

impl dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {
    /// Forwards to the method defined on the type `dyn Error`.
    #[inline]
    pub fn is<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> bool {
        <dyn Error + 'static>::is::<T>(self)
    }

    /// Forwards to the method defined on the type `dyn Error`.
    #[inline]
    pub fn downcast_ref<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
        <dyn Error + 'static>::downcast_ref::<T>(self)
    }

    /// Forwards to the method defined on the type `dyn Error`.
    #[inline]
    pub fn downcast_mut<T: Error + 'static>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
        <dyn Error + 'static>::downcast_mut::<T>(self)
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
impl dyn Error {
    #[inline]
    /// Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.
    pub fn downcast<T: Error + 'static>(self: Box<Self>) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Error>> {
        if self.is::<T>() {
            unsafe {
                let raw: *mut dyn Error = Box::into_raw(self);
                Ok(Box::from_raw(raw as *mut T))
            }
        } else {
            Err(self)
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
impl dyn Error + Send {
    #[inline]
    /// Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.
    pub fn downcast<T: Error + 'static>(self: Box<Self>) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Error + Send>> {
        let err: Box<dyn Error> = self;
        <dyn Error>::downcast(err).map_err(|s| unsafe {
            // Reapply the `Send` marker.
            core::mem::transmute::<Box<dyn Error>, Box<dyn Error + Send>>(s)
        })
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
impl dyn Error + Send + Sync {
    #[inline]
    /// Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.
    pub fn downcast<T: Error + 'static>(self: Box<Self>) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<Self>> {
        let err: Box<dyn Error> = self;
        <dyn Error>::downcast(err).map_err(|s| unsafe {
            // Reapply the `Send + Sync` marker.
            core::mem::transmute::<Box<dyn Error>, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>(s)
        })
    }
}